Paducah, Kentucky

What Paducah is made of: the communities whose institutions are here, the sectors its 3,522 businesses sit in, the franchises already on the ground, and the services a newcomer could start.

3,522 businesses on file · 139 trades · 33 sectors · census population 26,894 · registry population 27,137 · built from geonet.paducah on 2026-10-07

Businesses3,522
2% carry coordinates
Specialised in12
trades above the national pattern
Best suited tono cohort stands out
on the census signals below
Franchise brands95
already operating here

Visiting rather than moving? The free guidebook for Paducah → — the free guidebook for this region: why go, what to see, what is open when it rains.

1

The local economy

What the business base is made of, what it is specialised in against the national pattern, and what that mix implies. This is the part a development office would read first.

Composition, not health. geonet records what trades exist and where; it does not record formation, closure, employment or revenue, so none of those appear here. What makes this economics rather than a directory is the NAICS coding: it lets the local mix be read against the BLS survival curves and against the 323 industry groups this research has screened.

The two biggest markets here

Every industry group on this page links through to its NAICS page, and to the screened market report where this research has one — that is what the trait-to-NAICS coding buys.

Business density131
businesses per 1,000 residents, against the 2021 census count of 26,894
Breadth of the base320
broad — 96 industry groups, top three 21.2%
Survival the mix implies56.8%
at five years, against 51.4% for all private establishments
Coded to NAICS62.5%
of which 75.7% unambiguous

What this city is specialised in

Location quotient is this city's share of a trade divided by the same share across 10 US metro tables. Above 1.25 is the conventional threshold for a local specialisation.

The base against the entry screen

Businesses by the entry signal of the industry group they sit in, from the /markets screen. A large "structure decides" share means most local trades are ones where being better than the incumbent does not by itself win. A trade is matched to the screened record at whatever level the research wrote it — the same code, a broader one, or a narrower one. Where a group holds several screened sub-markets the count is shown, because no single one of them speaks for the whole group.

Enter
22.5%
496 businesses
Caution
53%
1,168 businesses
Structure decides
24.5%
539 businesses
Not screened
0%
0 businesses

How to read the survival figure

Each sector's five-year establishment survival rate, weighted by how many of this city's businesses sit in that sector. It is a property of the MIX, not of these businesses — it says what survival this composition would imply at US private-sector rates, because no Canadian equivalent series exists.

Weighted over 95.2% of the coded base — public administration carries no curve. Source: Business Employment Dynamics — Table 7, Survival of private sector establishments by opening year, US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

And what it does not measure

A "mixed" trait is one that genuinely spans codes — "computers" covers systems design, repair and supply. The clear share is how much of this reading rests on unambiguous coding. Business density also reflects how completely the directory covers a place, not only how many businesses are in it — so it compares poorly between a city the register knows well and one it does not.

2

Who lives here, and who the city is for

The census: the only figures on this page that count people rather than businesses, and the three cohort readings they make possible.

The register says what trades exist. The census says who lives here — and it is the only thing on this page that counts people. Figures are American Community Survey 2019–2023 five-year estimates for Paducah city, Kentucky, the incorporated place, which is the city proper, and every comparison is against the United States as a whole, from the same ACS tables.

Detailed language is not published for American places. B16001, the table with individual languages, has no place-level rows; C16001 is what exists, and it names six languages and groups the rest into families. A Canadian city on this site names about forty.

Population26,894
census 2021
Median age43.2
against 38.7 nationally
Immigrants2.7%
against 13.9% nationally
Median rent$817
against $1,348 nationally

Who the city is for

Three readings, each built from real numbers against real benchmarks. This is not an index. Every signal is shown with its own value, its benchmark and which way it points, and the band simply counts how many point the same way — so a reader who disagrees with one signal can drop it and still use the rest.

Seniors

moderate

Is this a place to grow old, and is the care here?

Residents 65 and over 18.4% –16.8%
Residents 85 and overthe group that needs care rather than the group that is merely retired 1.7% ▼1.9%
Median age 43.2 years ▲38.7 years
Poverty ratethe US poverty threshold — a different definition from the Canadian pages, and not comparable to them 21.5% ▼12.4%
Medical clinics per 1,000 residentsfrom the business register 0.45 –
Pharmacies per 1,000 residentsfrom the business register 1.08 –
Median rent 817 $/mo ▲1348 $/mo

A high share of over-65s says other people made this choice; it does not say the care exists. The register has no category for a hospital at all, so distance to an emergency department is still missing.

Students and young adults

moderate

Is there a reason to be here between 19 and 25, and can they afford it?

Residents 20 to 24 5.6% ▼6.5%
Residents 15 to 19the cohort arriving next 5.7% ▼6.5%
Renter householdsa rental market is what makes a place possible to move to 45.9% ▲35%
Median rent 817 $/mo ▲1348 $/mo
Unemployment rate 3.5% ▲5.2%
Degree holders in the adult population 28.4% ▼35%
Drinking places and recreationfrom the register 22 –

Post-secondary institutions in the city are listed further down this page; where there are none, a high 20-to-24 share usually means work rather than study.

Newcomers and other-language speakers

thin

Is there already a community here, and has anyone built anything for it?

Foreign-born residents 2.7% ▼13.9%
Arrived 2010 or laterthe band the ACS publishes; the Canadian pages use 2016 to 2021, so the two are not comparable 31.5% –29.4%
Speak a language other than English at home 1.9% –
Language groups above the reporting floor 2 –
Median household income 51243 $ ▼78538 $

The American census does not publish individual languages for a city — only the eleven groups below, six of which are single languages. A Canadian city on this site names about forty, so the two sections are not the same depth and should not be read as if they were.

What is spoken at home, and whether anyone built for it

The register-versus-census cross-check on the Canadian pages is not possible here: the ACS publishes language in groups, so "Other Indo-European languages" cannot be matched against an institution that names a community.

Spoken most often at homeSpeakers ShareCommunity in the register Institutions
Spanish 401 1.5% not mapped to a marker 0
Other Indo-European languages 108 0.4% not mapped to a marker 0

The rest of the profile

CharacteristicHereCanada
Residents 65 and over 18.4% 16.8%
Residents 85 and over 1.7% 1.9%
Residents 20 to 24 5.6% 6.5%
Arrived 2016 to 2021 31.5% 29.4%
Non-permanent residents — —
Speak a non-official language at home 1.9% —
Renter households 45.9% 35%
Spending 30% or more on shelter — —
Participation rate 60% 63.5%
Unemployment rate 3.5% 5.2%
Median household income, 2020 51243 $ —
Median after-tax household income, 2020 — —
Prevalence of low income (LIM-AT) 21.5% —
Bachelor degree or higher 28.4% —

The one thing to keep in mind

Five-year estimates pooled over 2019–2023, so a figure is an average of the period rather than a single year, and every value carries a margin of error this extract does not keep. Unlike the Canadian census, which counts everyone, the ACS is a sample — a small place's figures are correspondingly uncertain. ACS five-year estimate for the incorporated place, which is the city proper. It will differ from the figure in wander.regions, which is sometimes a metropolitan population.

Source: American Community Survey 2019–2023 five-year estimates — Table-based summary file, 2023, United States Census Bureau, under the US federal government work, public domain. National comparison: The United States row of the same ACS tables, not an average of places — roughly a third of Americans live outside any incorporated place, so summing places would understate the country.

3

The communities the register shows

A community appears in the business register before it appears in prose — a national church, a society, a credit union, a newspaper. Those are counted as institutions, and they are what suggests residents. A restaurant serving a cuisine is counted separately as trade, because every city has those and they say nothing about who lives nearby. The ranking is by institutions.

CommunityInstitutions WorshipTrade Where it shows
Spanish-speaking — — 8
trade on Hinkleville Road (2)
Dutch — — 6
Chinese — — 3
Italian — — 2
Japanese — — 1
5

What the city is made of

Every business on file, grouped by the sector it trades in. This is the economic-development view: where the 3,522 businesses actually are, and the specific trades inside each sector.

SectorBusinesses ShareWhat is in it
Living 297 8.4% place of worship (145) · daycare (24) · apartment (23) · cleaning (22) · fire safety (17) · appliances (16) · furniture (15) · veterinary (14)
Construction 220 6.2% painting (37) · general contractor (29) · plumbing (24) · home builder (24) · heating and cooling (20) · electrician (18) · roofing (15) · tiny home (13)
Health 213 6% physician (103) · pharmacy (17) · chiro (14) · medical clinic (12) · optical (12) · home healthcare (9) · fitness club (5) · cardiologist (1)
Automotive 200 5.7% autos (130) · auto repair (20) · scooter (10) · auction (1) · detailing (1) · motorcycle (1) · auto parts (1)
Business 188 5.3% government (99) · accounting (27) · consulting (23) · association (16) · cemetary (7) · vending (4) · auction (2) · garden (1)
Dining 188 5.3% restaurant (142) · pizza (18) · diner (8) · pubs (7) · burgers (7) · steakhouse (5) · fast food (1)
Beauty 170 4.8% hair stylist (92) · dentist (38) · barber (23)
Finance 143 4.1% insurance (61) · bank (32) · credit union (11) · real estate (9) · loans (7) · stock broker (5) · mortgage (3)
Retail 141 4% jeweler (24) · gifts (22) · convenience (21) · photography (19) · antiques (17) · department store (13) · flowers (12) · discount store (4)
Living & Home 91 2.6%
Logistics 74 2.1% truck transportation (26) · storage (19) · railroad (9) · towing (5) · packaging (1)
Law 70 2% mediator (6) · lawyer (3)
Education 65 1.8% school (53) · writing (4) · garden (2) · library (1)
Retail Goods 63 1.8%
Manufacturing 57 1.6% industrial supplier (36) · machinery (11) · fabrication (3) · salvage (1)
Realty 51 1.4% real estate (50) · auction (1)
Construction & Realty 50 1.4%
Food 44 1.2% grocer (18) · ice cream (10) · baker (7) · catering (5) · seafood (4)
Tech 43 1.2% computers (26) · wireless (6) · telecom (5)
Travel 42 1.2% motel (28) · bnb (8) · travel agent (3) · parking (2) · truck rental (1)
6

The franchises already here

Brands from a register of 2,024 franchise systems, matched into this city by name. A high count is a signal in both directions: the territory works, and it may be taken.

25 of these brands are a single common word — Metro, Avenue, Budget — so their counts include businesses that merely share the word. They are marked rather than dropped.

BrandCategory HereWorldwide
Dollar General convenience 5 8,205
Wal-Mart retail 4 6,500
Advance Auto Parts auto 3 3,000
Burger King fastfood 3 11,000
CVS Pharmacy pharmacy 3 6,100
Great Clips hair 3 2,600
Jackson Hewitt Tax Service tax 3 —
Pizza Hut pizza 3 10,000
Salvation Army retail 3 —
U-Haul car 3 13,700
Waffle House food 3 1,500
Blockbuster Video video 2 5,900
Chick-fil-A fastfood 2 1,250
Finish Line retail 2 700
Holiday Inn businesshotel 2 —
Pizza Inn pizza 2 410
St. John retail 2 —
Taco Bell tacos 2 5,845
American Eagle Outfitters retail 1 827
Back Yard Burgers food 1 181
Baskin Robbins dessert 1 2,800
Best Western businesshotel 1 4,200
Bob Evans food 1 600
Book Rack book 1 200
Books-A-Million book 1 200
Candy Bouquet dessert 1 815
Catherines Plus Sizes retail 1 —
Circuit City retail 1 600
City Market supermarket 1 38
Comfort Inn familyhotel 1 —
Comfort Suites familyhotel 1 —
Cost Cutters Family Hair Care hair 1 850
Courtyard by Marriott businesshotel 1 —
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store food 1 551
Curves For Women fitness 1 10,000
Dairy Queen fastfood 1 5,900
Days Inn economyhotel 1 —
Decorating Den specialty 1 —
Enterprise Rent A Car car 1 5,400
Furniture Medic specialty 1 600
Gander Mountain retail 1 50
Harley Davidson locations motorcycle 1 —
Holiday Inn Express familyhotel 1 —
Hollywood Video video 1 2,700
Huddle House food 1 400
Kay Jewelers retail 1 839
Knights Inn accommodation 1 230
Liberty Tax Service tax 1 —
Linens 'n Things retail 1 500
Lions Club club 1 —
Merle Norman Cosmetics retail 1 2,000
Miracle-Ear specialty 1 1,500
Movie Gallery video 1 4,700
NAPA Auto Parts auto 1 18,000
Office Depot retail 1 1,091
Outback Steakhouse food 1 —
Pasta House food 1 30
Pier 1 Imports retail 1 1,200
Red Carpet Inn budgethotel 1 299
Regis Salons hair 1 12,000
Rent-A-Center retail 1 3,500
Rotary Club club 1 —
Ruby Tuesday food 1 933
Save-A-Lot supermarket 1 1,160
Stanley Steemer Carpet Cleaner cleaner 1 300
Super 8 economyhotel 1 —
Sylvan Learning school 1 710
Toys "R" Us retail 1 1,400
Villa Pizza pizza 1 300
Wet Seal retail 1 330
AllState name only insurance 3 —
Hallmark name only greetingcards 3 5,600
Kroger name only supermarket 3 2,507
Manor name only retail 3 —
AutoZone name only auto 2 3,800
Honda name only car 2 —
Jeep name only suv 2 —
Limited name only retail 2 —
Michaels name only retail 2 805
Sears name only inc 2 2,300
Aldi name only supermarket 1 5,000
Beltone name only specialty 1 1,500
CARQUEST name only auto 1 3,400
Greyhound name only travel 1 —
Gymboree name only retail 1 550
Marriott name only upscalehotel 1 2,800
Nissan name only auto 1 —
PETsMART name only pet 1 885
Renaissance name only upscalehotel 1 —
Stitches name only retail 1 —
SuperValu name only supermarket 1 —
Talbots name only retail 1 592
Tiffany name only retail 1 150
Toyota name only car 1 —
Walgreens name only pharmacy 1 4,000
7

Real estate as a local trade

Four unrelated jobs share the name: selling existing homes, owning and letting them, managing them for someone else, and building new ones. For anyone weighing a move or a licence these are the counts — and the ownership question goes to /property, which answers it building by building.

Real estate is a local job market in its own right, and four unrelated trades get the same name. Counts are businesses filed under each trade in the register, which lists a brokerage once however many agents work there — so this measures firms, not licensees.

Selling homes

5312
59 firms · LQ 0.34

Offices of agents and brokers — the resale market, and the biggest single trade in most Canadian cities.

Named in the register
  • Century 21 — 3225 Coleman Rd
  • Countrywide Home Loans — 3401 Park Ave # 3
  • Global Mortgage Link
  • Gold Key Real Estate — 2227 Broadway St
  • Joe Sloan Realty — 2218 Kentucky Ave
  • Landmark Real Estate — 131 Canon Dr
  • Marshall Co Appraiers — 3906 Hinkleville Rd
  • Mary Ann Snow Sirk and Co Real — 817 Broadway St
  • Paducah Real Estate Group — 1500 Irvin Cobb Dr
  • Pathway Financial Service — 100 Fountain Ave
  • Purchase Realty — 1840 Broadway St
  • R E Fairhurst Realty — 1240 Jefferson St
  • Realty Group — 2131 Ohio St
  • Sirk and Co Realtors — 817 Broadway St

Owning and letting

5311
23 firms · LQ 0.9

Lessors of real estate: the buildings themselves, filed under the building rather than the owner.

Named in the register
  • Black Oak Townhomes — 2801 Jefferson St # 26
  • Cardinal Point Apartments — 2741 Trimble St
  • Dudley Courts — 801 Mcguire Ave # D
  • Fernwood Apartments — 710 Lone Oak Rd
  • Irvin Cobb Apartments — 600 Broadway St
  • Jackson House Apartments — 301 S 9th St
  • Lone Oak Manor — 650 College Ave # 77
  • Mercy Manor — 601 Mcauley Dr # 103
  • Mora Mi Apartments — 2991 Clay St
  • Ritz Apartments — 2201 Broadway St
  • Riviera Apartments — 2967 Harrison St
  • West Park Village Apartments — 2601 W Park Dr
  • Whittier Apartments — 1301 N 13th St
  • Willow Oaks Apartments — 3425 Roell Cir

Managing for owners

5313
1 firms · LQ 0.15

Property managers, who run buildings the landlord does not.

Named in the register
  • Handyman Janitorial Service — 1145 Gum Springs Rd S

Building new homes

2361
66 firms · LQ 1.05

Residential builders and the general contractors who work for them.

Named in the register
  • A and K Construction — 5117 Charter Oak Dr
  • Bill South Construction Co — 839 N 10th St
  • Cole Construction — 2008 Cairo Rd
  • Countryside Homes Of Paducah — 3700 Clarks River Rd
  • D and D Construction — 2332 Hovekamp Rd
  • Emmaco Construction — 224 N 21st St
  • Heartland Manufactured Homes — 5151 Heartland Dr
  • Indian Oaks — 4131 Clarks River Rd # 335
  • Ken Mason Construction — 6470 Muirfield Dr
  • Kentucky Oaks Homes — 3356 Park Ave
  • Knuckles and Sons — 1724 Monroe St
  • McGregor Construction — 2007 Homewood Ave
  • Tweedale Mobile Homes — 4549 Cairo Rd
  • Williams Contracting — 423 S 28th St

Financing it

5222
10 firms · LQ 0.8

Mortgage brokers and non-bank lenders.

Named in the register
  • Allied Home Mortgage Capital — 4936 Reidland Rd
  • Citi Financial — 760 Broadway St
  • Cut Rate Mrtg and Auditing Srvc — RURAL ROUTE 129 RAC MER CT
  • Equity One — 4793 Village Square Dr # Bb
  • First Horizon Lending Center — 3160 Parisa Dr # E
  • Heights Finance — 1927 Irvin Cobb Dr
  • Homeland Mortgage Co — 400 Park Ave # C
  • Jackson Purchase Ag Credit — 3530 Lone Oak Rd
  • Lendmark Financial Service — 450 Park Ave
  • PAR Finance — 334 Harrison St

On "how many doors"

How many doors a landlord holds is not in any of this. The register files an apartment building under the building, not its owner, and carries no unit count; there is no open dataset of Canadian landlords by portfolio. Where this research has established ownership it is in the /property record for the city, building by building, which is a different and much slower exercise.

8

Work where you go to them

The Ultimate 411 half of local: everything where the customer does not have to come to you.

A shop needs the customer to walk in. These 157 services do the opposite — the mobile mechanic, the mobile groomer, the bookkeeper, the junk haul — and they are the ones a person can start without a lease. 0 of them already match a trait filed in this city's register.

The 157 Service=1 rows in search.local: work where the provider travels to the customer. "present" counts businesses already filed under that exact trait name; a blank is a coverage gap, not proof of absence, because the two vocabularies were built separately.

home services

Short-Term Rental TurnoverAppliance InstallationBabyproofing & Safety InstallsCarpet & Upholstery CleaningDeep CleaningDrywall RepairErrand RunningExterior PaintingFence & Deck StainingFurniture AssemblyGarden Weeding & MaintenanceGrocery Pickup & DeliveryGutter CleaningHandyman (General Repairs)Hedge & Shrub TrimmingHouse CleaningHouse SittingInterior PaintingJunk Removal & Dump RunsLandscape Design & PlantingLawn MowingFall Leaf CleanupMove-In / Move-Out CleaningMoving Help (Labour Only)Moving with TruckOffice CleaningPersonal ShopperPressure WashingMove Things Around the HouseSnow Shovelling & RemovalPacking & UnpackingTV & Picture MountingWardrobe StylingWindow Cleaning

events

BartenderDesignated Driver (Your Car)CateringTents, Tables & ChairsFloristFuneral & Celebration of Life ArrangementsGame-Day Bus or VanBook a Pub for Your GroupKaraoke Machine RentalParty Bus & Group ShuttlePub Crawl HostTaxi to the PubSports & Game PhotographyStag & Doe / Jack & Jill PlanningTailgate Party SetupTrivia Night HostVenue SourcingBig-Game Watch Party SetupWedding OfficiantWedding Planner / Coordinator

pets

Aquarium & Terrarium CleaningCatio (Cat Patio) BuildChicken Coop BuildDog House BuildDog TrainingDog WalkingHome Pet BoardingLost Pet SearchMobile Dog GroomingOvernight Pet SittingBuild & Install a Pet DoorPet Cages & EnclosuresPet Fencing & Dog RunsPet PhotographyPet-Proofing Your HomePet Sitting & Dog WalkingPet TaxiYard Poop Scooping

luxury

Chauffeur & Luxury CarDJ & Sound Gear RentalDJEvent PhotographerEvent PlannerLive MusiciansHair & Makeup ArtistMatchmakerPersonal ConciergePortrait & Headshot PhotographerPrivate ChefVideographerVIP / Social Club MembershipWedding PhotographerYacht & Boat Charter

healthcare

Wheelchair-Accessible TransportGrab Bars, Ramps & Home AccessibilityLight Housekeeping for SeniorsCooking & Meal Prep for SeniorsMedical Appointment EscortMedication & Appointment RemindersMobility Equipment RentalRespite Care for Family CaregiversSenior CompanionshipTech Help for SeniorsWalking Companion

sporting goods

Bike Tune-UpBorrow a Bike or E-BikeBorrow Camping GearBorrow Golf ClubsBorrow Hockey GearBorrow Ice SkatesBorrow a Kayak, Canoe or PaddleboardBorrow Skis, Poles & Ski BootsBorrow a Snowboard & Snow BootsSkate SharpeningSki & Snowboard Tuning

sports

Backyard Rink BuildLocal Fishing GuideGolf CaddieFind Players for a Pickup GamePrivate Sports LessonJoin or Build a Rec League TeamBook Ice, Courts & FieldsWorkout & Sports BuddyRoommates Who Also Like Sports

business

BookkeepingStart a Local BusinessCareer Coaching & RésumésFind a Local ManufacturerFind Local Work / Contract GigsLocal Advertising PlacementPrototype & Small-Batch ProductionTranslation & InterpretationWebsite & Online Presence

outdoors

Brush & Land ClearingChainsaw Rental (from a local owner)Firewood (Cut, Split & Delivered)Log Bucking & Cutting (Chainsaw)Portable SawmillingSmall-Lot Logging & Land ClearingStump GrindingTree FellingWood Splitting

construction

CarpenterElectricianHeating & Cooling (HVAC)Mobile MechanicPlumberRoof RepairSmall Engine RepairWelder / Metal Fabrication

travel

Airport Transfer & Car ServiceCorporate & Business TravelCruise BookingFamily Travel for a WeddingBereavement / Funeral TravelLeisure Travel PlanningLocal Tour Guide

tools

Camera & Lens RentalGenerator RentalLog Splitter RentalParty Equipment RentalPower Tool RentalTrailer & Truck Rental
9

Schools and colleges

wander.schools is a post-secondary table — universities and colleges. K-12 public and private schools are not in it, and only 7 of its 1,686 rows carry coordinates, so these are listed and not mapped.

In the business register

Where schooling shows up as a business rather than an institution — which is where K-12, tutoring and childcare appear.

school 53daycare 24
10

Health and care

What a person moving a parent here would ask first. The register files clinics and pharmacies; it has no category for a hospital at all, so hospitals are matched by name and the limit is stated rather than hidden.

Medical clinics12
Pharmacies17
Dental practices38

Matched on the name "hospital"

  • Lourdes Hospital — 2855 Jackson St
  • Mental Health Center — 1526 Lone Oak Rd
  • Heartland Veterinary Hospital — 3137 Olivet Church Rd
  • Lourdes Hospital Emergency Rm — 1530 Lone Oak Rd
  • Lourdes Hospital Paducah — 1530 Lone Oak Rd
  • Western Baptist Hospital — 2501 Kentucky Ave

geonet carries no 'hospital' trait, so these are matched on the business name. A distance-to-hospital figure needs a source that states hospital locations.

12

What this record cannot tell you

Named in full, because the gaps are the part most likely to be misread as an answer.

  • Census figures are 2021, taken on 11 May 2021: income is for 2020 and the labour figures were measured mid-pandemic, so the unemployment rate on this page is a 2021 reading rather than a current one.
  • wander.schools is now readable, but it holds universities and colleges only and 1,679 of its 1,686 rows have no coordinates. K-12 public and private schools need a separate source — in Ontario the Ministry of Education school finder, in British Columbia the provincial school list. wander.citytowns, hotels and territories remain denied to the ru user.
  • No 'hospital' trait exists in geonet; distance to a hospital needs an external source such as StatCan's Open Database of Healthcare Facilities.
  • 97.8% of businesses here carry no coordinates, so a map or address lookup would miss them. Postal codes reach 100%.

Built from

  • geonet.paducah — the local business register
  • wander.regions — city name, population, metro
  • search.local — trait vocabulary and the come-to-you services
  • search.cozfranchises — 2,024 franchise brands