Who owns the city

Property research: the marquee buildings of each city and the entity that holds them, the land under the core, and — counted separately — who builds the new homes and who holds the commercial floor area.

Ownership is a public record in some places and a closed one in others, and this section says which before it says anything else. Where a title register is open, the owner is the register's answer. Where it is not, the owner is whoever a filing, an annual report or a reported sale names — and where none of those answer, the building says not established instead of carrying a guess.

Cities researched166
Buildings examined1289
939 with an owner established
Owners named601
across every city
Prices on the record132
a stated price, with its date
1

The owners

Every entity named on a building this research has examined, and how many it holds. A count here is a count of what has been examined — not of a portfolio. Search every holder, landowner and builder →

OwnerTypeCitiesBuildings
Canada Post Corporation Government Bolton, Ontario · Concord, Ontario · Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, British Columbia · Dunnville, Ontario · Fort St. John, British Columbia · Hamilton, Ontario · Leamington, Ontario · Listowel, Ontario · Mississauga, Ontario · Port Perry, Ontario · Simcoe, Ontario · Stittsville, Ontario · Temiskaming Shores, Ontario · Tillsonburg, Ontario · Waterdown, Ontario · Woodstock, Ontario 18
Cadillac Fairview Pension fund Calgary, Alberta · London, Ontario · Markham, Ontario · Canada · North York, Ontario · Ottawa, Ontario · Pointe-Claire, Quebec · Richmond, British Columbia · Toronto, Ontario · Vancouver, British Columbia · Winnipeg, Manitoba 17
Santé Québec or an establishment of the Quebec health and social services network Government Baie-Comeau, Quebec · Cap-de-la-Madeleine (Trois-Rivières), Quebec · Gaspé, Quebec · Granby, Quebec · Laval, Quebec · Pointe-Claire, Quebec · Rimouski, Quebec · Sherbrooke, Quebec 12
Allied Properties Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Kitchener, Ontario · Montreal, Quebec 8
Canada Post Government Airdrie, Alberta · Dawson Creek, British Columbia · Lloydminster, Alberta / Saskatchewan · Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario · Swift Current, Saskatchewan · Terrace, British Columbia · Welland, Ontario 7
Crombie REIT REIT Bathurst, New Brunswick · Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (a district of Halifax Regional Municipality) · Edmundston, New Brunswick · Halifax, Nova Scotia · Riverview, New Brunswick 7
Government of Alberta Government Canmore, Alberta · Cochrane, Alberta · Hinton, Alberta · Okotoks, Alberta 7
Ravelin Properties REIT (wholly owned by Clarke Inc., TSX: CKI) Public company Fredericton, New Brunswick · Halifax, Nova Scotia · Moncton, New Brunswick · Saint John, New Brunswick 7
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Government Canmore, Alberta · Cochrane, Alberta · Milton, Ontario · Parksville, British Columbia · Smithers, British Columbia · Swift Current, Saskatchewan · Weyburn, Saskatchewan 7
SmartCentres Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Bolton, Ontario · Milton, Ontario · Vernon, British Columbia · Whitby, Ontario · Woodstock, Ontario 7
Village of Kaslo Government Kaslo, British Columbia 6
Algoma Steel Inc. (Algoma Steel Group Inc., TSX/Nasdaq: ASTL) Public company Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 5
City of Grand Forks Government Grand Forks, British Columbia 5
City of Nelson Government Nelson, British Columbia 5
Government of Canada (Public Services and Procurement Canada) Government Hamilton, Ontario · North York, Ontario · Ottawa, Ontario · Windsor, Ontario 5
His Majesty the King in right of the Province of British Columbia Government Whistler, British Columbia · Williams Lake, British Columbia 5
Hudson Pacific Properties REIT Vancouver, British Columbia · Los Angeles, California · San Francisco, California 5
Leyad Private company Lloydminster, Alberta / Saskatchewan · St. Catharines, Ontario · Thunder Bay, Ontario · Victoria, British Columbia · Winnipeg, Manitoba 5
Santé Québec Government Shawinigan, Quebec · Saint-Georges, Quebec · Trois-Rivières, Quebec · Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 5
Village of Nakusp Government Nakusp, British Columbia 5
Alinea Group Holdings Inc. Family / private Burlington, Ontario 4
Brookfield Property Partners L.P. Private equity Toronto, Ontario 4
Canfor Corporation Public company Prince George, British Columbia 4
City of Campbell River Government Campbell River, British Columbia 4
City of Dawson Creek Government Dawson Creek, British Columbia 4
City of Fort St. John Government Fort St. John, British Columbia 4
City of Hamilton Government Hamilton, Ontario · Waterdown, Ontario 4
City of Ottawa Government Stittsville, Ontario 4
City of West Kelowna Government West Kelowna, British Columbia · Westbank, British Columbia 4
CT Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Bolton, Ontario · Bowmanville, Ontario · Port Perry, Ontario · Waterdown, Ontario 4
Farhi Holdings Corporation Family / private London, Ontario 4
Fibra Danhos REIT Mexico City (Ciudad de México) 4
Fraser Health Authority Government New Westminster, British Columbia · Port Moody, British Columbia · Surrey, British Columbia 4
Island Corridor Foundation Institution Courtenay, British Columbia · Duncan, British Columbia · Parksville, British Columbia 4
KRP Properties (Wesley Clover International Corporation) Private company Kanata, Ontario 4
Mark Anthony Group Inc. Private company Kelowna, British Columbia · West Kelowna, British Columbia 4
Melcor Developments Ltd. Public company Airdrie, Alberta · Edmonton, Alberta · Lethbridge, Alberta 4
Parks Canada Agency Government Canmore, Alberta · Port Moody, British Columbia · Sidney, British Columbia · Welland, Ontario 4
Primaris Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Hamilton, Ontario · Lethbridge, Alberta · Medicine Hat, Alberta · Windsor, Ontario 4
Primaris REIT REIT Fredericton, New Brunswick · Halifax, Nova Scotia · Kelowna, British Columbia · Winnipeg, Manitoba 4
Public Services and Procurement Canada Government Prince Rupert, British Columbia · Sarnia, Ontario · Smithers, British Columbia · Timmins, Ontario 4
Transport Canada Government Riverview, New Brunswick · Sarnia, Ontario · Timmins, Ontario · Welland, Ontario 4
Village of New Denver Government New Denver, British Columbia 4
Anthem Properties Group Private company Chilliwack, British Columbia · Nanaimo, British Columbia · Prince George, British Columbia 3
BXP, Inc. (NYSE: BXP) REIT United States 3
Canadian National Railway Company Public company Concord, Ontario · Milton, Ontario · Terrace, British Columbia 3
City of Abbotsford Government Abbotsford, British Columbia 3
City of Cranbrook Government Cranbrook, British Columbia 3
City of Nanaimo Government Nanaimo, British Columbia 3
City of New Westminster Government New Westminster, British Columbia 3
City of St. Catharines Government St. Catharines, Ontario 3
City of St. Thomas Government St. Thomas, Ontario 3
Columbia Power and Columbia Basin Trust Government Castlegar, British Columbia 3
Crown in Right of Saskatchewan Government Regina, Saskatchewan · Weyburn, Saskatchewan 3
Fideicomiso Fibra Uno (FUNO) REIT Mexico City (Ciudad de México) 3
Fonds de placement immobilier Cominar REIT Gatineau, Quebec · Laval, Quebec 3
Government of Canada (National Defence) Government Gloucester, Ontario · North York, Ontario 3
Government of Canada (Public Services and Procurement Canada as custodian) Government Gatineau, Quebec 3
Government of Canada (Transport Canada) Government Markham, Ontario · Mississauga, Ontario · Ottawa, Ontario 3
Interfor Corporation Public company Castlegar, British Columbia · Grand Forks, British Columbia 3
Interior Health Authority Government Kamloops, British Columbia · Princeton, British Columbia · Vernon, British Columbia 3
Multiplan Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A. Public company São Paulo, Brazil 3
Oxford Properties Group Pension fund Mississauga, Ontario · North York, Ontario 3
Province of New Brunswick Government Riverview, New Brunswick · Woodstock, New Brunswick 3
RioCan Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Burlington, Ontario · Kanata, Ontario · North York, Ontario 3
SHAPE Properties Developer Burnaby, British Columbia · Victoria, British Columbia 3
Simon Property Group REIT Los Angeles, California · Miami, Florida 3
Stratford Shakespearean Festival of Canada (Holding Foundation) Institution Stratford, Ontario 3
Town of Tillsonburg Government Tillsonburg, Ontario 3
Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville Government Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario 3
Ville de Trois-Rivières Government Cap-de-la-Madeleine (Trois-Rivières), Quebec · Trois-Rivières, Quebec 3
Artis Real Estate Investment Trust (RFA Financial Inc.) REIT Winnipeg, Manitoba 2
BC Hydro and Power Authority Government New Westminster, British Columbia · Surrey, British Columbia 2
Bosa Properties Family / private Dawson Creek, British Columbia · Terrace, British Columbia 2
British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority Government Edgewood and Fauquier, British Columbia · Mission, British Columbia 2
Cenovus Energy Inc. Public company Lloydminster, Alberta / Saskatchewan 2
Central Walk Private company Nanaimo, British Columbia · Victoria, British Columbia 2
Centre de services scolaire de la Beauce-Etchemin Institution Saint-Georges, Quebec 2
Centre de services scolaire des Laurentides Institution Saint-Sauveur, Quebec · Sainte-Adèle, Quebec 2
Choice Properties REIT REIT Bathurst, New Brunswick · Edmundston, New Brunswick 2
City of Castlegar Government Castlegar, British Columbia 2
City of Courtenay Government Courtenay, British Columbia 2
City of Medicine Hat Government Medicine Hat, Alberta 2
City of Merritt Government Merritt, British Columbia 2
City of Nelson (Nelson Hydro) Government Nelson, British Columbia 2
City of Parksville Government Parksville, British Columbia 2
City of Port Alberni Government Port Alberni, British Columbia 2
City of Port Coquitlam Government Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, British Columbia 2
City of Port Moody Government Port Moody, British Columbia 2
City of Powell River Government Powell River, British Columbia 2
City of Regina Government Regina, Saskatchewan 2
City of Vernon Government Vernon, British Columbia 2
City of White Rock Government White Rock, British Columbia 2
Compass Minerals International, Inc. Public company Goderich, Ontario 2
Crown Resorts Limited (ACN 125 709 953) Private company Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria · Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 2
Dexus / Dexus Wholesale Property Fund REIT Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 2
Discovery Silver Corp. Public company Timmins, Ontario 2
DMCC (Dubai Multi Commodities Centre Authority) Government Dubai, United Arab Emirates 2
Dufferin Aggregates, a division of CRH Canada Group Inc. Public company Milton, Ontario 2
Eldorado Gold Québec Public company Val-d'Or, Quebec 2
Emaar Properties PJSC Public company Dubai, United Arab Emirates 2
Emperador Properties SOCIMI REIT Madrid, Spain 2
Empire State Realty Trust, Inc. (NYSE: ESRT) REIT United States · New York City, New York 2
First Capital Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Whitby, Ontario 2
Government of Canada Government Surrey, British Columbia · Woodstock, New Brunswick 2
Government of Canada — Public Services and Procurement Canada Government Bathurst, New Brunswick · Bridgewater, Nova Scotia 2
Government of Canada (Parks Canada Agency) Government Markham, Ontario · Port Perry, Ontario 2
Government of Quebec (the State or the Société québécoise des infrastructures) Government Gaspé, Quebec · Rimouski, Quebec 2
Groupe MACH Private company Rimouski, Quebec · Sherbrooke, Quebec 2
Groupe MACH Inc. Private company Saint-Georges, Quebec · Trois-Rivières, Quebec 2
Haldimand War Memorial Hospital Institution Dunnville, Ontario 2
Harvard Developments Corporation Family / private Saskatoon, Saskatchewan · Winnipeg, Manitoba 2
Iguatemi S.A. Public company São Paulo, Brazil 2
IPUT plc (IPUT Real Estate Dublin) Institution Dublin (Dublin City Council area), Ireland 2
Irving Oil Limited Family / private Saint John, New Brunswick 2
Joint venture of Allianz group companies and a Universal-Investment fund for Bayerische Versorgungskammer (BVK), managed by PIMCO Prime Real Estate Institution Berlin and Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2
Kering-Ardian joint venture (Ardian 60%, Kering 40%) Private equity Paris, France 2
Kiwi Property Group (NZX: KPG) REIT Auckland (Auckland Council area), New Zealand 2
La Caisse (formerly Ivanhoé Cambridge) Pension fund Canada 2
Lakeridge Health Institution Bowmanville, Ontario · Port Perry, Ontario 2
Listowel Memorial Hospital Institution Listowel, Ontario 2
Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Public company Dawson Creek, British Columbia · Fort St. John, British Columbia 2
Mercer International Inc. (NASDAQ: MERC) Public company Castlegar, British Columbia 2
MERLIN Properties SOCIMI, S.A. REIT Barcelona, Spain · Madrid, Spain 2
Morguard Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Brandon, Manitoba · Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 2
Mori Building Co., Ltd. Private company Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 2
Norfolk County Government Simcoe, Ontario 2
Northwest Realty Inc. (dba Northwest Properties) Private company Duncan, British Columbia · Port Alberni, British Columbia 2
Pontegadea Inmobiliaria Family / private Madrid, Spain 2
Port Alberni Port Authority Government Port Alberni, British Columbia 2
Precinct Properties Group (NZX: PCT) REIT Auckland (Auckland Council area), New Zealand 2
Primaris Real Estate Investment Trust (TSX: PMZ.UN) REIT Guelph, Ontario · Greater Sudbury, Ontario 2
Prince Rupert Port Authority Government Prince Rupert, British Columbia 2
Province of British Columbia Government Edgewood and Fauquier, British Columbia · Princeton, British Columbia 2
Quails' Gate Vineyards Estate Winery Ltd. Family / private Kelowna, British Columbia · West Kelowna, British Columbia 2
ROSHN Group, 'a Public Investment Fund (PIF) company' Sovereign fund Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Crown in right of Canada) Government Whistler, British Columbia · Williams Lake, British Columbia 2
Selkirk College Institution Castlegar, British Columbia · Nelson, British Columbia 2
Swire Properties Limited (HKEX: 1972) Public company Hong Kong 2
The Corporation of the City of Kawartha Lakes Government Lindsay, Ontario 2
The Crown in right of Canada — custodian: Parks Canada Agency Government Gaspé, Quebec · Trois-Rivières, Quebec 2
The Niagara Parks Commission Government Niagara Falls, Ontario 2
The Regional Municipality of York Government Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario 2
Three Sisters Mountain Village Properties Ltd. Private company Canmore, Alberta 2
Town of Princeton Government Princeton, British Columbia 2
Town of Smithers Government Smithers, British Columbia 2
Township of Langley Government Langley, British Columbia 2
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield REIT Paris, France · Los Angeles, California 2
United Development Company Q.P.S.C. Public company Doha, Qatar 2
Vale Base Metals Public company Greater Sudbury, Ontario 2
Vancouver Fraser Port Authority Government Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, British Columbia · Port Moody, British Columbia 2
Vornado Realty Trust REIT Chicago, Illinois · San Francisco, California 2
Wesgroup Properties Developer New Westminster, British Columbia · Port Moody, British Columbia 2
West Fraser Mills Ltd. Public company Smithers, British Columbia · Williams Lake, British Columbia 2
West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd. Public company Cochrane, Alberta · Hinton, Alberta 2
Westcliff Private company Kitchener, Ontario · Moncton, New Brunswick 2
037BC (numbered company), leased to IGV Housing Ltd Private company Port Alberni, British Columbia 1
110 N Wacker Titleholder LLC Private company Chicago, Illinois 1
1445 Ross Ave LLC Private company Dallas, Texas 1
15877873 Canada Inc. and Harvard Diversified Enterprises Inc. Family / private Regina, Saskatchewan 1
15877873 Canada Inc. and HDL Investments Inc. Family / private Regina, Saskatchewan 1
1601 Elm Holdings LP Private company Dallas, Texas 1
300 North LaSalle LLC Private company Chicago, Illinois 1
601W Companies Private equity Chicago, Illinois 1
645999 BC Ltd Private company Terrace, British Columbia 1
8th Generation Vineyard Inc. Private company Summerland, British Columbia 1
A local municipality other than Pointe-Claire (the roll's s. 204(4°) class) Government Pointe-Claire, Quebec 1
Agnico Eagle Mines Limited Public company Val-d'Or, Quebec 1
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (the Crown in right of Canada) Government Summerland, British Columbia 1
AISIN Canada, Inc. (AISIN Corporation) Public company Stratford, Ontario 1
Alcoa Corporation Public company Baie-Comeau, Quebec 1
Aldar Investment Properties (Aldar Properties PJSC) Public company Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1
Aldar Properties PJSC (Aldar Investment) Public company Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1
Aldar Properties PJSC (Aldar–Mubadala retail joint venture, 75:25) Public company Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1
Aldar–Mubadala joint venture (established 2024) Sovereign fund Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1
Aldar–Mubadala retail joint venture (75:25), consolidated by Aldar Properties PJSC Public company Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1
Allied Properties REIT / Perimeter Development Corporation joint arrangement REIT Kitchener, Ontario 1
Alstom Public company Thunder Bay, Ontario 1
Aluminerie Alouette Inc. Private company Sept-Îles, Quebec 1
Amix Group Private company Port Alberni, British Columbia 1
Andrew Peller Ltd. Public company Port Moody, British Columbia 1
Anthem Properties Private company Burnaby, British Columbia 1
Anthem Properties Group and Streamliner Properties Developer Ottawa, Ontario 1
Aphria Diamond Inc. (51% Tilray Brands, Inc.; strategic venture with Double Diamond Farms) Public company Leamington, Ontario 1
Argyle Developments Inc. Family / private Halifax, Nova Scotia 1
Arlanxeo Canada Inc. Public company Sarnia, Ontario 1
Arterra Wines Canada, Inc. / Vins Arterra Canada, Inc. Pension fund Penticton, British Columbia 1
Aspen Planers Ltd. Family / private Merritt, British Columbia 1
Barwa Real Estate Company Q.P.S.C. Public company Doha, Qatar 1
BC Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Institution Abbotsford, British Columbia 1
BC Retail Partners (Boitanio Mall) Ltd. Private company Williams Lake, British Columbia 1
Beacon Community Services Institution Sidney, British Columbia 1
Beedie Developer Bolton, Ontario 1
BGO (BentallGreenOak) Prime Canadian Property Fund Institution Victoria, British Columbia 1
BGO Core strategy with The Equitable Life Insurance Company of Canada Institution Victoria, British Columbia 1
Bishop's University Institution Sherbrooke, Quebec 1
Blackwood Partners Management Corporation (Nicola Wealth) Private company Surrey, British Columbia 1
Boa-Franc (Planchers Mirage) Private company Saint-Georges, Quebec 1
Bosa Development Family / private Victoria, British Columbia 1
BPP ST Owner LLC (Blackstone Property Partners) Private equity New York City, New York 1
Bravo Winery Ltd Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
BRE 312 Owner, LLC Private equity Chicago, Illinois 1
British Columbia Investment Management Corporation and RBC Global Asset Management Pension fund Ottawa, Ontario 1
Brock University Institution St. Catharines, Ontario 1
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway Company Public company White Rock, British Columbia 1
BXP, Inc. REIT San Francisco, California 1
BXP, Inc. (formerly Boston Properties) REIT San Francisco, California 1
BXP, Inc. (NYSE: BXP, formerly Boston Properties) with joint venture partners REIT United States 1
BXP, Inc. (NYSE: BXP), 60% ownership REIT New York City, New York 1
C C Land Holdings Limited (HKEX: 1224) Public company London, United Kingdom 1
Cabot Corporation Public company Sarnia, Ontario 1
Cadillac Fairview and SHAPE Properties Pension fund Richmond, British Columbia 1
Cadillac Fairview Corporation Limited Private company Laval, Quebec 1
Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, or one of its subsidiaries under s. 88.15 of the Loi sur les transports Pension fund Pointe-Claire, Quebec 1
Canada Lands Company Government Canada 1
Canada Lands Company Limited Government Toronto, Ontario 1
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Government Lindsay, Ontario 1
Canada Packers Inc. Public company Brandon, Manitoba 1
Canary Wharf Group Investment Holdings plc Private company London, United Kingdom 1
Cannara Biotech Inc. Public company Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 1
Canrim Packaging Ltd. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Andrew Peller Limited) Public company Kelowna, British Columbia 1
Capital Power Corporation Public company Campbell River, British Columbia 1
CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust (45%), CapitaLand (45%) and Mitsubishi Estate Co., Ltd. (10%) REIT Singapore 1
CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust (50%) and Sun Hung Kai Properties (50%) REIT Singapore 1
CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust (SGX: C38U) REIT Singapore 1
Cariboo Regional District Government Williams Lake, British Columbia 1
Catuaí VBI Triple A FII (BLCA11) REIT São Paulo, Brazil 1
Cbus Property (wholly owned by Cbus Super) Pension fund Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Cégep Beauce-Appalaches Institution Saint-Georges, Quebec 1
Cégep de Rimouski Institution Rimouski, Quebec 1
Cégep de Shawinigan Institution Shawinigan, Quebec 1
Cégep de Sherbrooke Institution Sherbrooke, Quebec 1
Cégep de Trois-Rivières Institution Trois-Rivières, Quebec 1
Cégep de Valleyfield Institution Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 1
Central Group (Thailand) Private company Berlin and Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1
Centre de services scolaire de la Vallée-des-Tisserands Institution Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 1
Centre de services scolaire du Chemin-du-Roy Institution Cap-de-la-Madeleine (Trois-Rivières), Quebec 1
CF Industries Holdings, Inc. Public company Medicine Hat, Alberta 1
Champion Real Estate Investment Trust (HKEX: 2778), managed by Eagle Asset Management (CP) Limited, a Great Eagle Holdings subsidiary REIT Hong Kong 1
City of Burnaby Government Burnaby, British Columbia 1
City of Duncan Government Duncan, British Columbia 1
City of Edmonton Government Edmonton, Alberta 1
City of Greater Sudbury Government Greater Sudbury, Ontario 1
City of Hamilton (the land); the Real group of companies — a Yale Properties and Manulife Financial joint venture — holds the leasehold to 2070 Government Hamilton, Ontario 1
City of Langley Government Langley, British Columbia 1
City of Merritt (selling) Government Merritt, British Columbia 1
City of Mission Government Mission, British Columbia 1
City of Moncton Government Moncton, New Brunswick 1
City of Penticton Government Penticton, British Columbia 1
City of Penticton (land, and the building on expiry of the lease) Government Penticton, British Columbia 1
City of Penticton (land, and the clubhouse on expiry of the lease) Government Penticton, British Columbia 1
City of Penticton (land); Gateway Casinos & Entertainment Limited built and occupies the building Government Penticton, British Columbia 1
City of Prince George Government Prince George, British Columbia 1
City of Prince Rupert Government Prince Rupert, British Columbia 1
City of Stratford Government Stratford, Ontario 1
City of Surrey Government Surrey, British Columbia 1
City of Swift Current Government Swift Current, Saskatchewan 1
City of Terrace Government Terrace, British Columbia 1
City of Thunder Bay Government Thunder Bay, Ontario 1
City of Toronto Government North York, Ontario 1
City of Victoria Government Victoria, British Columbia 1
City of Welland Government Welland, Ontario 1
City of Weyburn Government Weyburn, Saskatchewan 1
City of Williams Lake Government Williams Lake, British Columbia 1
City of Woodstock Government Woodstock, Ontario 1
CityLife S.p.A. (100% Gruppo Generali) Public company Milan, Italy 1
CK Asset Holdings Limited (HKEX: 1113) Public company Hong Kong 1
Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. Public company Hamilton, Ontario 1
ClubLink (TWC Enterprises Limited) Public company Oakville, Ontario 1
Coeur Mining, Inc. Public company Kamloops, British Columbia 1
COIMA RES S.p.A. SIIQ REIT Milan, Italy 1
Collège Montmorency Institution Laval, Quebec 1
Comox Valley Project Watershed Society Institution Courtenay, British Columbia 1
Comune di Milano Government Milan, Italy 1
Concert Properties and Jawl Properties Pension fund Victoria, British Columbia 1
Cornwall Centre Inc. Private company Regina, Saskatchewan 1
Correctional Service of Canada Government Mission, British Columbia 1
Council of the City of Sydney Government Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 1
Cranberry Business Park Ltd. Private company Powell River, British Columbia 1
Cranbrook Archives Museum & Landmark Foundation Institution Cranbrook, British Columbia 1
Crestpoint Real Estate Investments Ltd. and Crown Realty Partners (for Vestcor Inc.) Pension fund Ottawa, Ontario 1
Crombie Real Estate Investment Trust REIT Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 1
Crown in right of Canada — custodian Natural Resources Canada Government Val-d'Or, Quebec 1
Crown in right of Canada (Department of National Defence) Government Shawinigan, Quebec 1
Crown in right of Canada (Parks Canada Agency) Government Shawinigan, Quebec 1
Crown in right of Canada (Public Services and Procurement Canada) Government Shawinigan, Quebec 1
Crown in right of Canada (Transport Canada) Government Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 1
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (Crown in right of Canada) Government Williams Lake, British Columbia 1
CT REIT Totem Mall Ltd REIT Fort St. John, British Columbia 1
Dallas Main LP Private company Dallas, Texas 1
Dava Developments Ltd. Private company Abbotsford, British Columbia 1
Dexus (75%) and Dexus Wholesale Property Fund (25%) REIT Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Dexus (Dexus-managed; stake not stated) REIT Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 1
Dexus Wholesale Property Fund (Dexus-managed unlisted fund) Institution Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 1
Digital Realty Trust REIT Chicago, Illinois 1
Dirty Laundry Winery Ltd. Private company Summerland, British Columbia 1
Divco, Brasswater and VamCorp (Salaberry-de-Valleyfield Asset Management), VamCorp at 50% Private equity Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 1
Domtar Corporation Private company Port Alberni, British Columbia 1
Doral Holdings Limited and 430635 Ontario Inc. Private company Welland, Ontario 1
Drax Group plc Public company Prince Rupert, British Columbia 1
Ducks Unlimited Mission Community Services Society Institution Mission, British Columbia 1
Edgar Development Corp. Developer Port Moody, British Columbia 1
Elephant Island Orchard Wines Ltd. Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
Emirates REIT (CEIC) PLC REIT Dubai, United Arab Emirates 1
Emperador Properties SOCIMI, S.A. REIT Barcelona, Spain 1
European Central Bank Institution Berlin and Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1
Exceldor Foods Ltd. (Exceldor, co-operative, Levis, Quebec) Private company Hanover, Ontario 1
Ezdan Holding Group Q.P.S.C. Public company Doha, Qatar 1
Fairchild Group (Fairchild Property) Family / private Richmond, British Columbia 1
Fallsview Group Private company Niagara Falls, Ontario 1
Fengate Capital Management (held within one investment fund) Private equity Oakville, Ontario 1
First Capital REIT REIT New Westminster, British Columbia 1
Fisheries and Oceans Canada Government Whitby, Ontario 1
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (His Majesty the King in right of Canada) Government Leamington, Ontario 1
Fontainebleau Florida Hotel LLC Private company Miami, Florida 1
Foothills School Division No. 38 Institution High River, Alberta 1
Ford Motor Company of Canada Public company Oakville, Ontario 1
Fox Corporation Public company Los Angeles, California 1
FPG CT Owner LP Private company Dallas, Texas 1
Fraser Mills Properties Ltd. Private company Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, British Columbia 1
Fusion Homes Developer Guelph, Ontario 1
Garaga Inc. Private company Saint-Georges, Quebec 1
Gecina SA REIT Paris, France 1
General Motors Canada Public company St. Catharines, Ontario 1
Genesis Land Development Corp. Public company Airdrie, Alberta 1
Glencore Canada (Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations) Public company Greater Sudbury, Ontario 1
Gmp Property SOCIMI, S.A. REIT Madrid, Spain 1
Gorman Bros. Lumber Ltd. Family / private Princeton, British Columbia 1
Gouvernement du Québec (l'État or the Société québécoise des infrastructures) Government Trois-Rivières, Quebec 1
Government of Canada — Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Government Kentville, Nova Scotia 1
Government of Canada — Canada Border Services Agency Government Edmundston, New Brunswick 1
Government of Canada (Canadian Security Intelligence Service) Government Gloucester, Ontario 1
Government of Canada (Correctional Service of Canada as custodian) Government Laval, Quebec 1
Government of Canada (Department of National Defence) Government Stratford, Ontario 1
Government of Canada (Environment and Climate Change Canada) Government Gloucester, Ontario 1
Government of Canada (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) Government Bowmanville, Ontario 1
Government of Canada (Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada) Government Windsor, Ontario 1
Government of Canada (Library and Archives of Canada as custodian) Government Gatineau, Quebec 1
Government of Canada (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) Government Gloucester, Ontario 1
GPT Wholesale Office Fund (GWOF), an unlisted fund managed by The GPT Group Institution Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Grand Forks Art Gallery Society Institution Grand Forks, British Columbia 1
Grand Forks Curling Club Institution Grand Forks, British Columbia 1
Greystone Managed Investments, with Canderel and Canstone Realty Advisors Institution Ottawa, Ontario 1
Groupe de Sociétés Westcliff Family / private Granby, Quebec 1
GS 1201 Elm LLC Private company Dallas, Texas 1
GuocoLand Limited (SGX: F17) Public company Singapore 1
GWL Realty Advisors Inc. Institution Halifax, Nova Scotia 1
Halifax Regional Municipality Government Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (a district of Halifax Regional Municipality) 1
Halton Healthcare Institution Oakville, Ontario 1
Hanover and District Hospital Institution Hanover, Ontario 1
Henderson Land Development Company Limited (HKEX: 12), through Century Base Development Limited Developer Hong Kong 1
Hibernia Real Estate Group Private company Dublin (Dublin City Council area), Ireland 1
Highbury Canco Corporation Private company Leamington, Ontario 1
Hines Developer Chicago, Illinois 1
His Majesty the King in right of Canada Government Merritt, British Columbia 1
His Majesty the King in right of Canada — Fisheries and Oceans Canada Government Sidney, British Columbia 1
His Majesty the King in right of Canada — Transport Canada Government Sidney, British Columbia 1
His Majesty the King in right of Canada (Department of National Defence) Government Simcoe, Ontario 1
His Majesty the King in right of Canada (Public Services and Procurement Canada) Government Temiskaming Shores, Ontario 1
His Majesty the King in right of Canada (Transport Canada) Government Dunnville, Ontario 1
His Majesty the King in right of Ontario (Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines) Government Goderich, Ontario 1
Hongkong Land Holdings Limited (SGX: H78; Jardine Matheson group) Public company Hong Kong 1
Hudbay Minerals Inc. Public company Princeton, British Columbia 1
Huron Health System Institution Goderich, Ontario 1
IFC Development consortium: Henderson Land Development Company Limited (40.77%), Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited and The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited Developer Hong Kong 1
Imperial Oil Limited Public company Sarnia, Ontario 1
Inmo CriteriaCaixa, S.A.U. (InmoCaixa), 100% of CriteriaCaixa (Fundación "la Caixa") Institution Barcelona, Spain 1
Inmobiliaria Colonial SOCIMI, S.A. REIT Barcelona, Spain 1
Ivanhoé Cambridge Pension fund Concord, Ontario 1
Ivanhoé Cambridge (Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, operating since June 2025 as La Caisse) Pension fund Montreal, Quebec 1
Ivanhoe Cambridge (now operating as La Caisse) and Canapen (Halton) Ltd. Pension fund Burlington, Ontario 1
Jim Pattison Developments Family / private Powell River, British Columbia 1
Jim Pattison Industries Ltd. Family / private Prince Rupert, British Columbia 1
Joie Ventures Inc. Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
JPMorgan Chase Bank Public company New York City, New York 1
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Public company Chicago, Illinois 1
Kal Tire Private company Vernon, British Columbia 1
Kalesnikoff Family / private Castlegar, British Columbia 1
Katara Hospitality Government Doha, Qatar 1
Kennedy-Wilson Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: KW) with an unnamed equity partner Public company Dublin (Dublin City Council area), Ireland 1
Kettle Valley Winery Ltd. Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
Kinea Renda Imobiliária FII (KNRI11) REIT São Paulo, Brazil 1
King Abdullah Financial District Development and Management Company (KAFD DMC), acquired by the Public Investment Fund in 2018 Sovereign fund Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1
KingSett Capital Private equity Ottawa, Ontario 1
Kitsumkalum First Nation Government Terrace, British Columbia 1
Kruger Inc. Private company Trois-Rivières, Quebec 1
Ktunaxa Nation Council Institution Cranbrook, British Columbia 1
La Caisse (Ivanhoé Cambridge) Pension fund Burnaby, British Columbia 1
La Caisse (Ivanhoé Cambridge) and LaSalle Canada Property Fund Pension fund Surrey, British Columbia 1
Lake Breeze Vineyards Limited Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
Lakeridge Park Residential Corporation — WFN Development Limited Partnership Government Westbank, British Columbia 1
Land Berlin Government Berlin and Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1
Las Vegas Sands Corp. (NYSE: LVS), through its wholly owned subsidiary Marina Bay Sands Pte. Ltd. Public company Singapore 1
Lendlease International Towers Sydney Trust (Towers Two and Three, International House, 100%) and Lendlease One International Towers Sydney Trust (Tower One, 100%) Institution Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 1
Les Sommets Family / private Saint-Sauveur, Quebec 1
LKK Health Products Group, through Infinitus Property Investment (Hong Kong) Limited Family / private London, United Kingdom 1
LM Wind Power Canada Inc. Public company Gaspé, Quebec 1
Looking Up Developments Ltd. Private company Sidney, British Columbia 1
LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton Public company Paris, France 1
Maas Group Developer London, Ontario 1
Majid Al Futtaim Properties LLC Private company Dubai, United Arab Emirates 1
Mamele'awt Qweesome Housing Society Institution Abbotsford, British Columbia 1
Manhattan Chelsea Market LLC (Google LLC) Public company New York City, New York 1
Marmen Inc. Private company Cap-de-la-Madeleine (Trois-Rivières), Quebec 1
Mel Jr. and Marty Zajac Foundation Family / private Mission, British Columbia 1
Melbourne Arts Precinct Corporation (MAP Co), a Victorian State business corporation Government Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Melbourne Cricket Ground Trust (statutory trustee of permanently reserved Crown land) Government Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Merritt Golf & Country Club Institution Merritt, British Columbia 1
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Institution Miami, Florida 1
Miami-Dade County Government Miami, Florida 1
Mill & Timber Products Ltd. Private company Port Moody, British Columbia 1
Mirvac (interest held on Mirvac's balance sheet; percentage not stated in the schedule read) REIT Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Mirvac Wholesale Office Fund (MWOF), an unlisted fund managed by Mirvac Institution Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
Mitsubishi Estate Co., Ltd. Public company Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd. Public company Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
Modon Holding PSC (ADNEC Group) Public company Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 1
Mohari Hospitality Limited (hotel, Hermès retail, its car park) and OHLA via Galería Canalejas Madrid, S.L.U. (galería and main car park) Private company Madrid, Spain 1
Molson Coors Beverage Company Public company Chilliwack, British Columbia 1
Mondi Group plc Public company Hinton, Alberta 1
Morguard Real Estate Investment Trust (TSX: MRT.UN) REIT Cambridge, Ontario 1
MRC des Pays-d'en-Haut Government Sainte-Adèle, Quebec 1
Msheireb Properties Institution Doha, Qatar 1
Mundi SDR Private company Prince George, British Columbia 1
Mutua Madrileña Institution Madrid, Spain 1
National Capital Commission Government Gloucester, Ontario 1
National Defence Government Timmins, Ontario 1
Nature Fresh Farms Family / private Leamington, Ontario 1
New Murabba Development Company, 'a Public Investment Fund company' Sovereign fund Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1
NextStar Energy Inc. Public company Windsor, Ontario 1
Niagara Health Institution Niagara Falls, Ontario 1
Nicola Valley Institute of Technology Institution Merritt, British Columbia 1
Nippon Building Fund Inc. (日本ビルファンド投資法人) REIT Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
Norderra — a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMI Group Family / private Baie-Comeau, Quebec 1
Norfolk General Hospital Institution Simcoe, Ontario 1
Northwest Realty Inc. (dba Northwest Properties) and Wei Wai Kum First Nation Private company Campbell River, British Columbia 1
Nova Bocana Barcelona, S.A. (the concessionaire), 100% held by Qatari Diar Sovereign fund Barcelona, Spain 1
NSI N.V. REIT Amsterdam, Netherlands 1
Ntityix Development Corporation Government Westbank, British Columbia 1
Ntityix Development Corporation with Seven Generations Capital Government Westbank, British Columbia 1
Ntityix Development LP and Anthem Properties Group Ltd. (joint venture) Government Westbank, British Columbia 1
Oak Street Real Estate Capital Private equity Calgary, Alberta 1
Okanagan Crush Pad Winery Ltd. Private company Summerland, British Columbia 1
Old Oak Properties Inc. Family / private London, Ontario 1
Ontario Power Generation Government Bowmanville, Ontario 1
Orlando Corporation Family / private Mississauga, Ontario 1
OUE Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX: TS0U) — 83.33% interest in OUB Centre Limited, which owns an 81.54% beneficial interest in One Raffles Place REIT Singapore 1
Oxford Properties (OMERS) and Norges Bank Investment Management, 50:50 joint venture Pension fund Berlin and Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1
Pacific Coast Terminals Co. Ltd. Private company Port Moody, British Columbia 1
Pan American Silver Corp. Public company Timmins, Ontario 1
Paramount Group, Inc. REIT San Francisco, California 1
Parc Downsview Park Inc. Government North York, Ontario 1
Parks Canada Agency (His Majesty the King in right of Canada) Government Leamington, Ontario 1
Parksville Properties Corp. Private company Parksville, British Columbia 1
Parsons Green Developments Developer Kentville, Nova Scotia 1
Patricia Entertainment Co. Private company Powell River, British Columbia 1
Peace Arch Hospital & Community Health Foundation Institution White Rock, British Columbia 1
PG Student Housing Ltd Private company Prince George, British Columbia 1
Plaza Retail REIT REIT Woodstock, New Brunswick 1
Ponte Gadea Family / private Miami, Florida 1
Pontegadea Inversiones Family / private Barcelona, Spain 1
Porta Nuova Diamond Fund, managed by COIMA SGR, with BNP Paribas Group as co-investor Private equity Milan, Italy 1
PowerCo Canada Inc. (PowerCo SE, Volkswagen Group) Public company St. Thomas, Ontario 1
Precinct Pacific Investment Limited Partnership (PPILP) — Precinct 24.9%, with GIC Institution Auckland (Auckland Council area), New Zealand 1
Precinct Properties Group (NZX: PCT) — office component REIT Auckland (Auckland Council area), New Zealand 1
Prince Rupert Performing Arts Centre Society Institution Prince Rupert, British Columbia 1
Promenades Gatineau Holding Private company Gatineau, Quebec 1
Province of British Columbia and BC Transportation Financing Authority Government Edgewood and Fauquier, British Columbia 1
Province of Ontario Government St. Thomas, Ontario 1
Province of Ontario (Infrastructure Ontario) Government Guelph, Ontario 1
Province of Ontario (Ministry of the Attorney General) Government St. Thomas, Ontario 1
Province of Ontario (Ministry of the Solicitor General) Government Lindsay, Ontario 1
Public Sector Pension Investment Board Pension fund North York, Ontario 1
Qatar Central Bank (State of Qatar) with Sellar Sovereign fund London, United Kingdom 1
Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company Sovereign fund Doha, Qatar 1
QuadReal Property Group Pension fund Langley, British Columbia 1
Rank Inc. Family / private Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (a district of Halifax Regional Municipality) 1
Real estate investment fund affiliated with Alawwal Investment Company (Kingdom Holding Company a participant) Private company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1
Red Bull Private company Chilliwack, British Columbia 1
Regione Lombardia Government Milan, Italy 1
Reunion Hotel LP Private company Dallas, Texas 1
RGF Real Estate Fund Private equity Mississauga, Ontario 1
Richardson International Private company Thunder Bay, Ontario 1
RioCan Real Estate Investment Trust (50%) and Hudson's Bay Company (50%) REIT Oakville, Ontario 1
Rockefeller Center Properties (RCP) Private company New York City, New York 1
ROF V Ross Investment LLC Private company Dallas, Texas 1
Rogers Communications Inc. Public company Canada 1
Rogers Real Estate Development Limited Family / private Mississauga, Ontario 1
Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation of Prince Rupert Institution Prince George, British Columbia 1
Roquette Family / private Portage la Prairie, Manitoba 1
Saint John Port Authority Government Saint John, New Brunswick 1
Sandhill Vineyards Ltd. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Andrew Peller Limited) Public company Penticton, British Columbia 1
Seacliff Properties Private company Kamloops, British Columbia 1
SEPTEMBER RANCH LTD. Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
Shaftesbury Capital PLC (75%) and Norges Bank Investment Management (25%) REIT London, United Kingdom 1
Shannex Private company Riverview, New Brunswick 1
Shato Holdings Ltd. Family / private Langley, British Columbia 1
Sidney & North Saanich Memorial Park Society Institution Sidney, British Columbia 1
SILHOUETTE CELLARS LTD. Private company Naramata, British Columbia 1
SIPTU (Services Industrial Professional and Technical Union) Institution Dublin (Dublin City Council area), Ireland 1
SkyCity Entertainment Group Limited (NZX/ASX: SKC) Public company Auckland (Auckland Council area), New Zealand 1
Skyline Industrial REIT REIT Pointe-Claire, Quebec 1
SL Green Realty Corp. (NYSE: SLG), 55.0% joint-venture interest REIT New York City, New York 1
SL Green Realty Corp. (NYSE: SLG), in joint venture with National Pension Service of Korea, Hines Interest LP and Mori Building Co., Ltd REIT United States 1
Slate Asset Management Private equity Hamilton, Ontario 1
SM International Holdings Ltd. (in receivership since 22 January 2025) Private company Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 1
Smithers Pellet Limited Partnership Public company Smithers, British Columbia 1
Société ferroviaire et portuaire de Pointe-Noire s.e.c. Government Sept-Îles, Quebec 1
Société Foncière Lyonnaise (SFL) REIT Paris, France 1
Société zoologique de Granby Institution Granby, Quebec 1
Southport Aerospace Centre Inc. Institution Portage la Prairie, Manitoba 1
Spring Creek Real Estate Private company Canmore, Alberta 1
SREC 1717 Tower Owner LLC Private company Dallas, Texas 1
SRSN Ventures Private company Kamloops, British Columbia 1
St Marys Cement, a division of Votorantim Cimentos Public company Bowmanville, Ontario 1
St. Thomas Elgin General Hospital Institution St. Thomas, Ontario 1
Stellantis N.V. Public company Windsor, Ontario 1
Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP and a subsidiary of GIC Real Estate (as of the last reported sale, 2006) Sovereign fund Barcelona, Spain 1
Stone Creek Resorts Inc. Private company Canmore, Alberta 1
Strategic Group Private company Duncan, British Columbia 1
Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited (HKEX: 16) Developer Hong Kong 1
Suncor Energy Inc. Public company Sarnia, Ontario 1
Suncor Energy Inc. / Suncor Energy Products Partnership / Petro-Canada Public company Port Moody, British Columbia 1
Sunoco LP Public company Burnaby, British Columbia 1
Suntec Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX: T82U) REIT Singapore 1
Suntec Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX: T82U) — one-third interest; the other two-thirds not established from a page that opened REIT Singapore 1
Sydney Opera House Trust (NSW Government statutory body) Government Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales 1
Temiskaming Hospital Institution Temiskaming Shores, Ontario 1
Terrabella Wineries Ltd. Private company West Kelowna, British Columbia 1
Terrace-Kitimat Airport Society Institution Terrace, British Columbia 1
The Board of Trustees of the Christ the Redeemer Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 3 Institution High River, Alberta 1
The Board of Trustees of the High River School District No. 144 Institution High River, Alberta 1
The Canadian Transit Company Family / private Windsor, Ontario 1
The Corporation of Haldimand County Government Dunnville, Ontario 1
The Corporation of the City of Temiskaming Shores Government Temiskaming Shores, Ontario 1
The Corporation of the Municipality of North Perth Government Listowel, Ontario 1
The Corporation of the Town of Hanover Government Hanover, Ontario 1
The Crown Estate Institution London, United Kingdom 1
The Crown in right of Canada — custodian: Public Services and Procurement Canada Government Gaspé, Quebec 1
The Crown in right of Canada — custodian: Sept-Îles Port Authority Government Sept-Îles, Quebec 1
The Crown in right of Canada — custodian: Transport Canada Government Sept-Îles, Quebec 1
The Crown in right of Canada — custodian: Trois-Rivières Port Authority Government Trois-Rivières, Quebec 1
The Crown in right of Canada — custodians: Trois-Rivières Port Authority and Fisheries and Oceans Canada Government Cap-de-la-Madeleine (Trois-Rivières), Quebec 1
The Evergreens Foundation Institution Hinton, Alberta 1
The GPT Group REIT Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria 1
The Nature Trust of British Columbia Institution Parksville, British Columbia 1
The Regional Group of Companies Developer Kanata, Ontario 1
The Remington Group Family / private Markham, Ontario 1
The Ross Memorial Hospital Institution Lindsay, Ontario 1
The Town of High River Government High River, Alberta 1
Thunder Bay Port Authority Government Thunder Bay, Ontario 1
Thunder Bay Pulp and Paper (an affiliate of Atlas Holdings) Private equity Thunder Bay, Ontario 1
Tilray Brands, Inc. Public company Leamington, Ontario 1
Time Equities Inc. Private company Bridgewater, Nova Scotia 1
Tla'amin Nation Government Powell River, British Columbia 1
Tobu Tower Skytree Co., Ltd. (東武タワースカイツリー株式会社), a wholly owned subsidiary of Tobu Railway Co., Ltd., which holds the Skytree Town land and buildings Public company Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
Tokyo Metropolitan Government (東京都) Government Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
Tokyu Corporation Public company Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
Tolko Industries Ltd. Private company Vernon, British Columbia 1
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Institution Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario 1
Town of Cochrane Government Cochrane, Alberta 1
Town of Goderich Government Goderich, Ontario 1
Town of Riverview Government Riverview, New Brunswick 1
Town of Sidney Government Sidney, British Columbia 1
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Inc. Public company Woodstock, Ontario 1
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Inc. (Toyota Motor Corporation) Public company Cambridge, Ontario 1
Trade Centre Company Limited (TCCL), a Kingdom Holding Company subsidiary Public company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1
TransAlta Public company Sarnia, Ontario 1
Twin Rivers Paper Company Private equity Edmundston, New Brunswick 1
TWJ 1101 LLC Private company Miami, Florida 1
Two Rivers Gallery (Prince George Regional Art Gallery Association) Institution Prince George, British Columbia 1
Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield and Commerz Real (joint owners) REIT London, United Kingdom 1
Uniboard Canada inc. Private company Val-d'Or, Quebec 1
Université de Sherbrooke Institution Sherbrooke, Quebec 1
Université du Québec à Rimouski Institution Rimouski, Quebec 1
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Institution Trois-Rivières, Quebec 1
University of Guelph Institution Guelph, Ontario 1
Vail Resorts, Inc. Public company Whistler, British Columbia 1
Vanprop Investments Ltd. Private company Richmond, British Columbia 1
Ville de Baie-Comeau Government Baie-Comeau, Quebec 1
Ville de Granby Government Granby, Quebec 1
Ville de Paris Government Paris, France 1
Ville de Pointe-Claire Government Pointe-Claire, Quebec 1
Ville de Rimouski Government Rimouski, Quebec 1
Vista Hospitality Private company Greater Sudbury, Ontario 1
Viterra Private company Thunder Bay, Ontario 1
Washington State Department of Transportation Government Sidney, British Columbia 1
Waterfront Development Corporation Ltd., now Build Nova Scotia (land) Government Halifax, Nova Scotia 1
Watson Investigations LLC Private company Miami, Florida 1
Wesley Clover International Corporation Private company Kanata, Ontario 1
West Edmonton Mall Property Inc. Private company Edmonton, Alberta 1
Westbank First Nation Government Westbank, British Columbia 1
Westdell Development Corporation Private company London, Ontario 1
Western Mortgage Corporation Private company Powell River, British Columbia 1
Whistler Housing Authority Government Whistler, British Columbia 1
Whitacre Tower Holdings LP Private company Dallas, Texas 1
White Rock Players' Club Institution White Rock, British Columbia 1
Windsor Port Authority Government Windsor, Ontario 1
Woodstock Hospital (Woodstock General Hospital) Institution Woodstock, Ontario 1
Zinc électrolytique du Canada limitée (Glencore Canada Corporation) Public company Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec 1
Zulich group of companies (Dario Zulich) Family / private Greater Sudbury, Ontario 1
株式会社TOKYO TOWER (TOKYO TOWER Co., Ltd.) Private company Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区) 1
2

What kind of owner holds the core

The mix matters: a pension fund, a private-equity platform and a family holding answer to different people and sell on different timetables.

Government358
buildings
Public company126
buildings
REIT125
buildings
Private company115
buildings
Institution90
buildings
Family / private45
buildings
Pension fund37
buildings
Private equity18
buildings
Developer16
buildings
Sovereign fund9
buildings
3

The audit reports

What the city records add up to, written out.

Who is allowed to know who owns the building

Every city page opens with the same four questions, because they decide what the rest of the page can contain: is ownership public, what does one search cost, is there a bulk file, and are s…

Who builds the homes

Canada publishes no ranking of housebuilders by units. Nothing equivalent to the American Pro Builder Top 200 or Australia's HIA Housing 100 exists, and most of the largest Canadian builders…

The commercial side, counted separately

Of the sixty-eight, thirty-six are REITs, nine are pension funds, four are private-equity vehicles, and the rest are governments, universities, family holdings and listed corporates. That mi…

What we may publish, and what we may not

Every source carries `republish: false` unless its licence plainly permits redistribution. That means the research cites a source, quotes the individual facts it states, and does not reprodu…

4

The cities

One page each: its towers, its core land, its builders and its commercial landlords.

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Register closed; AED 100 search certificate for the entitled; aggregates only

 Dubai, United Arab Emirates

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Register closed; anonymised sales open after a CAPTCHA, personal-use licence only

 Melbourne (City of Melbourne LGA), Victoria

11 buildings · 9 owners established

Torrens, 40-yr private concession; owner sold per title, fee page 403; sales = medians

 Sydney (City of Sydney LGA), New South Wales

9 buildings · 8 owners established

Torrens, private operator; owner $18.70 a title; land values open, sales NC-ND

 São Paulo, Brazil

9 buildings · 7 owners established

Matrícula certidão BRL 75.60 to anyone, no bulk; every sale published, no names

 Abbotsford, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; the ALR is zoning, not title — no farm owner list

 Airdrie, Alberta

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner $10 per title via SPIN2; no open roll and no starts data for this commuter city

 Baie-Comeau, Quebec

9 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner free via the City's own lookup; bulk roll redacts every name

 Bathurst, New Brunswick

9 buildings · 3 owners established

Assessments and sale prices open in bulk; owner via Real Property Online, $17.50

 Bolton, Ontario

4 buildings · 4 owners established

A community in the Town of Caledon: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Bowmanville, Ontario

6 buildings · 5 owners established

A community in the Municipality of Clarington: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no roll

 Brandon, Manitoba

5 buildings · 2 owners established

Owner $33 a title; free provincial value and sales search, but no owner in either

 Bridgewater, Nova Scotia

9 buildings · 2 owners established

Values and every sale price open and reusable; owners only by subscription

 Burlington, Ontario

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Burnaby, British Columbia

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Calgary, Alberta

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner paid via SPIN2 logon; every parcel value free and open

 Cambridge, Ontario

6 buildings · 2 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Campbell River, British Columbia

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Canmore, Alberta

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Owner $10 per title via SPIN2; assessment contracted out, no open roll at all

 Cap-de-la-Madeleine (Trois-Rivières), Quebec

9 buildings · 6 owners established

No roll of its own: Trois-Rivières assesses it, and names are redacted

 Castlegar, British Columbia

10 buildings · 10 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; the two big holdings are in SEC and SEDAR+ filings

 Chilliwack, British Columbia

9 buildings · 3 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; great permit reporting, unreadable financial statements

 Cochrane, Alberta

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner $10 per Alberta title; 44 open datasets, no parcel and no value

 Concord, Ontario

6 buildings · 3 owners established

A community of Vaughan, not a municipality: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, British Columbia

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; both cities publish their top taxpayers by registered owner

 Courtenay, British Columbia

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Cranbrook, British Columbia

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (a district of Halifax Regional Municipality)

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Part of Halifax: values and sales open, owners behind $99.65/month Property Online

 Dawson Creek, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; tax certificate $97.79; LOTR free; no taxpayer list

 Duncan, British Columbia

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Dunnville, Ontario

6 buildings · 5 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Edgewood and Fauquier, British Columbia

5 buildings · 3 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; unincorporated, so no roll — only provincial parcel and tenure data

 Edmonton, Alberta

8 buildings · 3 owners established

Owner $10 per title via SPIN2 logon; every parcel's assessed value free and open

 Edmundston, New Brunswick

9 buildings · 4 owners established

Assessments and sale prices open in bulk; owner via Real Property Online, $17.50

 Fort St. John, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; the City names its 20 largest owners of record

 Fredericton, New Brunswick

9 buildings · 4 owners established

Assessments and sale prices open in bulk; owner via Real Property Online, $17.50

 Gaspé, Quebec

9 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free via the City's own portal; bulk roll redacts every name

 Gatineau, Quebec

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Gloucester, Ontario

9 buildings · 6 owners established

A district of Ottawa, not a municipality: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Goderich, Ontario

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title public via OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Granby, Quebec

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Grand Forks, British Columbia

10 buildings · 9 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; the flood buyouts are itemised in council and provincial records

 Guelph, Ontario

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Halifax, Nova Scotia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Values and sale prices open; owners only via Property Online, $99.65/month

 Hamilton, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Hanover, Ontario

5 buildings · 3 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 High River, Alberta

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner $10 per Alberta title; the Town publishes all 7,460 parcel values

 Hinton, Alberta

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner $10; Hinton publishes parcel values and an ownership class, free

 Kamloops, British Columbia

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Kanata, Ontario

9 buildings · 7 owners established

Ottawa governs; Ontario title $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Kaslo, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; the village annual report names 21 exempt properties with addresses

 Kelowna, British Columbia

10 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; ALR and parcels open, owners unpublished

 Kentville, Nova Scotia

8 buildings · 2 owners established

Values and every sale price open and reusable; owners only by subscription

 Kitchener, Ontario

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Langley, British Columbia

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; two municipalities, two rolls; LOTR free

 Laval, Quebec

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Leamington, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title public via OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Lethbridge, Alberta

8 buildings · 2 owners established

Owner $10 per title via SPIN2; open parcel layer gives value AND tax, never a name

 Lindsay, Ontario

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Listowel, Ontario

6 buildings · 4 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Lloydminster, Alberta / Saskatchewan

8 buildings · 4 owners established

One roll, two registries: AB title $10 west of 50 Ave, SK $15 east

 London, Ontario

11 buildings · 8 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Markham, Ontario

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Medicine Hat, Alberta

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner $10 per title via SPIN2; the city gets it free, the public gets no open roll

 Merritt, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; the City publishes PIDs and prices when it sells

 Milton, Ontario

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Mission, British Columbia

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06; the exemption bylaw lists owner, address and PID

 Mississauga, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Moncton, New Brunswick

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Assessments and sale prices open in bulk; owner via Real Property Online, $17.50

 Montreal, Quebec

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Nakusp, British Columbia

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; beneficial owners free in LOTR; tenure open, buildings unpublished

 Nanaimo, British Columbia

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; BC's cheapest tax certificate at $93.26

 Naramata, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Unincorporated: no council, no roll; RDOS governs land use; title $11.06

 Canada

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title is provincial: per-search fees, no national register or price-paid file

 Nelson, British Columbia

10 buildings · 8 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; no owner dataset — the City's own statements do it

 New Denver, British Columbia

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; the village's own annual report is the best ownership document here

 New Westminster, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Niagara Falls, Ontario

8 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 North York, Ontario

10 buildings · 8 owners established

A district of Toronto, not a municipality: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Oakville, Ontario

6 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Okotoks, Alberta

8 buildings · 1 owners established

Owner $10; all 9,380 house values published, no commercial at all

 Ottawa, Ontario

9 buildings · 9 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Parksville, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; tax certificate $105.26; the City names exempt owners

 Penticton, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; the City publishes its land, no one else's

 Pointe-Claire, Quebec

9 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free one at a time; Montreal writes the roll; bulk file redacts names

 Port Alberni, British Columbia

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; tax certificate $105.26; the federal port publishes prices

 Port Moody, British Columbia

11 buildings · 11 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; the City prints its top ten registered owners

 Port Perry, Ontario

5 buildings · 4 owners established

A village in the Township of Scugog: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Portage la Prairie, Manitoba

3 buildings · 2 owners established

Owner $33 a title; free provincial value and sales search, but no owner in either

 Powell River, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06; the City's annual report prints a Legal Owner column

 Prince George, British Columbia

13 buildings · 10 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; the City names some owners itself

 Prince Rupert, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; no municipal tax-certificate product here

 Princeton, British Columbia

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; buildings unpublished, but Town bylaws name parcels

 Regina, Saskatchewan

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner-name search, $15 a title; free city value and house-sale search

 Richmond, British Columbia

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Rimouski, Quebec

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Riverview, New Brunswick

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Values and sale prices open in bulk; owner $17.50 via Real Property Online

 Saint John, New Brunswick

9 buildings · 4 owners established

Assessments and sale prices open in bulk; owner via Real Property Online, $17.50

 Sarnia, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

4 buildings · 3 owners established

Owner-name title search at $15; sales $7 each; city assessment tool licence-bound

 Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Sept-Îles, Quebec

4 buildings · 4 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Shawinigan, Quebec

5 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner free at the counter; no online lookup; bulk roll redacts names

 Sherbrooke, Quebec

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner free, one property at a time; bulk roll redacts every name

 Sidney, British Columbia

9 buildings · 8 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; the Town prints 27 registered corporate owners

 Simcoe, Ontario

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Smithers, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; tax certificate $110.26; LOTR free; no taxpayer list

 St. Catharines, Ontario

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Saint-Georges, Quebec

7 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner free online through the city's ImmoNet; bulk roll redacts names

 Saint-Sauveur, Quebec

4 buildings · 2 owners established

Owner free online; MRC runs the roll; bulk file redacts every name

 St. Thomas, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Sainte-Adèle, Quebec

2 buildings · 2 owners established

Owner free online; MRC runs the roll; bulk file redacts every name

 Stittsville, Ontario

7 buildings · 6 owners established

An Ottawa ward, not a municipality: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title public via OnLand at $37.10 a parcel; no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Stratford, Ontario

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Title public via OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Greater Sudbury, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Summerland, British Columbia

9 buildings · 4 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; tax certificate $95.26; farm values closed

 Surrey, British Columbia

10 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Swift Current, Saskatchewan

8 buildings · 3 owners established

Owner-name title search at $15; no sales data and the city site blocks readers

 Temiskaming Shores, Ontario

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title public through OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Terrace, British Columbia

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; tax certificate $105.26; the City names owners and PIDs

 Thunder Bay, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Tillsonburg, Ontario

6 buildings · 4 owners established

Title public via OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Timmins, Ontario

7 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Toronto, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, but $37.10 per parcel, no bulk, no open assessment roll

 Trois-Rivières, Quebec

11 buildings · 10 owners established

Owner free one lookup at a time; bulk roll open but names redacted

 Val-d'Or, Quebec

5 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner free one at a time, citizen-use only; bulk roll redacts every name

 Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Free online lookup, capped; the bulk roll redacts every owner name

 Vancouver, British Columbia

7 buildings · 4 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; beneficial owners free in LOTR; no price-paid file

 Vernon, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; City publishes its top 20 corporate taxpayers

 Victoria, British Columbia

10 buildings · 8 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR names the people behind companies

 Waterdown, Ontario

5 buildings · 5 owners established

A community in the City of Hamilton: $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll

 Welland, Ontario

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 West Kelowna, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; tax certificate $110.26; reserves excluded

 Westbank, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Reserve land: free but gated federal registry in Ottawa, leasehold not freehold

 Weyburn, Saskatchewan

8 buildings · 3 owners established

Owner-name title search at $15; SAMA sells each sale record for $7.00

 Whistler, British Columbia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; most of Whistler is Crown land and the tenures are named free

 Whitby, Ontario

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 White Rock, British Columbia

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; LOTR free; tax certificate $130.26; no owner table

 Williams Lake, British Columbia

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Title $11.06 a search; no tax certificate price; the City names some owners

 Windsor, Ontario

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner on an official register, $37.10 a parcel, no bulk, no open roll, no prices

 Winnipeg, Manitoba

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Owner $33 a title to anyone; every parcel value free and open; no owner in the roll

 Woodstock, New Brunswick

9 buildings · 4 owners established

Values and sale prices open in bulk; owner $17.50 via Real Property Online

 Woodstock, Ontario

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Title public via OnLand, $37.10 per parcel register; no bulk, no open roll

 Berlin and Frankfurt am Main, Germany

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Grundbuch closed without legitimate interest; land values open, sales aggregate only

 Barcelona, Spain

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner EUR 9.02 per finca behind a legitimate-interest box; Catastro open, nameless

 Madrid, Spain

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Catastro open minus owner; nota simple EUR 9.02/finca on declared interest, no bulk

 Paris, France

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Sales open with address; owner EUR 12 per building by request, no bulk

 Hong Kong

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Register open at HK$10 a search, no bulk file; all land on Government lease

 Dublin (Dublin City Council area), Ireland

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Owner for €5 a folio; residential prices open with address; no bulk owners

 Milan, Italy

8 buildings · 5 owners established

Registers public, searchable by NAME: EUR 8 a name per district; free only with SPID

 Tokyo — the 23 special wards (特別区)

9 buildings · 9 owners established

Owner of any parcel for ¥140, no test; no bulk file; prices anonymised

 Mexico City (Ciudad de México)

9 buildings · 7 owners established

Cadastre issues value certificates only; the title registry is unreachable

 Amsterdam, Netherlands

8 buildings · 1 owners established

Owner and last sale price for EUR 3.70, to anyone, no test

 Auckland (Auckland Council area), New Zealand

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Torrens; owner NZ$8 a title; bulk names licensed, not indexable; no open sales register

 Doha, Qatar

9 buildings · 7 owners established

Register closed; QAR 50 ownership statement for an applicant; weekly anonymised sales CSV

 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Register closed (Najiz/REGA, login only); foreign zones since Jan 2026; aggregates only

 Singapore

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Owner for S$5.25 per search, no test; no bulk file; land is State-leased

 London, United Kingdom

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner for £7 a title; prices open under OGL; corporate owners in bulk with an account

 Chicago, Illinois

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Owner names, sales and appeal records all free; land trusts hide the beneficiary

 Dallas, Texas

9 buildings · 9 owners established

Owner free from the appraisal district; no sale price exists anywhere

 Los Angeles, California

7 buildings · 5 owners established

Deeds public but offline; assessor publishes values, never owner names

 Miami, Florida

8 buildings · 8 owners established

Owner, value and mailing country free in one open API; deeds public; state roll free

 United States

6 buildings · 6 owners established

No federal register; county by county, and no national price record

 New York City, New York

8 buildings · 7 owners established

Owner names and deed amounts both open and free; no entity resolution

 San Francisco, California

8 buildings · 6 owners established

Roll open and free; it holds "all legally disclosable information" — not the owner

§

How this was researched

One record per city, not per parcel. Only two jurisdictions examined make parcels tractable at scale, so the unit here is a city: its marquee buildings, the ground under its core, who builds its homes and who holds its commercial floor area. Each city page opens with whether ownership is knowable at all — is the register open, what does one search cost, is there a bulk file, are sale prices published. Those four answers decide what the rest of the page can contain, and they differ more between countries than the buildings do. An owner is named only where a document says so. Where none does, the building says not established and gives the reason: the register is closed, a paid search would answer it, the licence forbids naming, or the source would not open. Of the buildings examined so far, roughly one in four carries no owner, and that proportion is the finding rather than a backlog. A price is the price a document states, with its date. It is never an estimate of what an asset is worth now, and no figure here is modelled or interpolated. Ownership is cited from filings, not from owners' websites. Property pages on landlord sites rot quickly — one large owner rebranded in July 2026 and its deep links now redirect away, another's portfolio page renders empty. A REIT's property schedule from two years ago is still there. Nothing is scraped from listing portals. Their terms forbid it; their published indices are cited instead. Several government datasets also forbid redistribution, so every source defaults to cite-only.
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What is missing

Named rather than hidden, so the coverage of this section is legible.

  • Fourteen cities of an intended hundred: Canada and the United States first, then internationally.
  • Marquee buildings only — the core of each city, not its whole stock. A city record is not a census of its parcels.
  • No tenants, leases or rents anywhere: no government dataset in the set publishes them.
  • Beneficial ownership behind a single-purpose vehicle is available in one jurisdiction examined (British Columbia's transparency registry). Elsewhere the chain stops at the company, unless a mailing address gives it away.
  • Whether private equity dominates homebuilding is not yet answerable: on the two Canadian measures where builders are properly counted, the PE-owned entrant is present but far from dominant. Two cities is not a finding.
  • Owner names in open registers are unnormalised strings, so no concentration claim is made from them without saying so.
  • Ownership of Etihad Towers, Kingdom Centre, ICD Brookfield Place and Barangaroo's towers could not be established from a primary source and is not asserted.